CE 524 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

Fall 2009

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ANNOUNCEMENT

Make sure you go through the MATLAB primer

Download the MATLAB package

Additional Matlab resources (source page for Matlab Primer). Additional web tutorials that can be very helpful

Matlab Primer (you will need GSview)

Lecture #	Lecture Date	Subject Matter Tentative lecture topics in blue	Required Reading (see annotated reading list below)	Recommended Reading*	Handouts and Lecture Notes		Internet and Other Resources
1	Monday, August 24, 2009	· Introduction to seismic hazards	Bray, J. D. (1995). “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” Chap. 24 in The Civil Engineering Handbook (pdf)		Introductory Slide Presentation
TOPIC 2: BASIC CONCEPTS OF SEISMOLOGY EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS Outline
2	Wednesday, August 26, 2009	· Earth Structure · Plate Tectonics · Elastic Rebound Theory · Consequences of Elastic Rebound Theory	· Chapter 1 (Kramer)	Enc. Britannica article on plate tectonics (for reference log in to Enc. Britannica in the libraries web page, search “plate tectonics”)		Topic One Lectures (power point presentation)	· Educational USGS web site Animation of P Waves, S Waves and Surface Waves – San Diego State University (http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/class/geo647)
3	Friday, August 28, 2009	· Faults and seismic sources · Seismic waves and earthquake parameters	· Chapter 2 (Kramer)
4	Monday, August 31, 2009: (1:10 PM)	· Magnitude and Intensity · Fault characterization		Wells and Coppersmith (1994) [ read the abstract only]	Geologic Time Scale		Fault Parameters for National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project ) Web site for Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities with tables for fault parameters
5	Monday August 31, 2009 (2:10 PM)	· Fault characterization	· Appendix C (Kramer) · Sections 4.4.1.2 (on recurrence relationships) · Youngs and Coppersmith (1985)
6	Wednesday, September 02, 2009	· Probability density functions for magnitude
7	Friday, September 04, 2009	· Surface fault rupture · Discuss Youngs and Coppersmith (1985) ·Fundamentals of vibration: SDOF systems (see Outline)	· Appendix B (Kramer)	Bray et al (1994) [two companion papers] Sherard et al. (1994) [very nice pictures]	Notes on Surface Fault Rupture		Look at surface rupture pictures in this page
	Monday, September 07, 2009	Labor Day
8	Wednesday, September 09, 2009 (1:10 PM)	· Fundamentals of vibration (cont.)	· Appendix B (Kramer)				Useful site with various examples of wave propagation (Courtesy of Dan Russel, Kettering University).
9	Wednesday, September 09, 2009 (2:10 PM)	· Response spectra			Guide for constructing a spectrum
10	Friday, September 11, 2009	· Response Spectra (Cont.)
11	Monday, September 14, 2009	· Time domain and frequency domain representation of ground motions ·	• Chapter 3 (Kramer)				Fourier series for a square function Demo file for computing the frequency content of a ground motion
12	Wednesday, September 16, 2009	· Ground motion parameters
13	Friday, September 18, 2009	· Factors that affect ground motions
Travel	Monday, September 21, 2009
14	Wednesday, September 23, 2009	Attenuation Relationships	Sections 3.4 and 3.5 (• (Remember that the book is out-dated in this subject.  However the discussion relevant to the factors affecting attenuation relationships is still relevant)				NGA Web Site Current Attenuation Relationships
Travel	Friday, September 25, 2009
15	Monday, September 28, 2009	Att. Relationships,	Sections 4.1 to 4.3
TOPIC 3: SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS

16	Wednesday, September 30, 2009	Finish Att. Rels. DSHA	Section 4.4
17	Friday, October 02, 2009	PSHA	Intro to PSHA (Dr. Abrahamson)	Useful probabilistic concepts (Dr. Abrahamson)
18	Monday, October 05, 2009	PSHA (cont)		Source Charact. (Dr. Abrahamson)
19	Wednesday, October 07, 2009	PSHA (cont), example	• Epistemic vs. Aleatory (Dr. Abrahamson) • Stepp et al. (2001).  This is a good paper to review concepts. It describes a comprehensive PSHA analysis for a nuclear repository facility
20	Friday, October 09, 2009	PSHA (cont), example	Kramer: Section 8.5	Bommer et al. (2005). On the use of logic trees and the characterization of epistemic uncertainty
21	Monday, October 12, 2009	Logic Trees Ground motion selection Epistemic vs. Aleatoric Uncertainty	Kramer: Sections 8.1 and 8.2 Kramer: Chapter 5.1 and 5.2	Kramer: remainder of Chapter 5 (although is beyond what we covered in class, I recommend that you read it)
TOPIC 4: DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES AND SITE RESPONSE
22	Wednesday, October 14, 2009	Finish PSHA Site response: motivation and statement of the problem. Derivation of equation of motion	Kramer: Section 5.5 Kramer: 6.4 and 6.5		Good Reference: not required but with lots of practical applications (Baker and Cornell 2006, see reference list below)	Ground Motion Selection project website (great reference)
23	Friday, October 16, 2009	Kelvin Voigt Solid Dynamic soil properties
24	Monday, October 19, 2009	Dynamic soil properties			• Darendelli and Stokoe Modulus degradation curves • DSP Handout
25	Wednesday, October 21, 2009	Evaluation of Dynamic soil properties	Kramer, Sections 6.1 to 6.3			Comercial sites with SASW information http://www.baygeo.com/html/sasw.html GeoVision Brochure with information on MASW and SASW
26	Friday, October 23, 2009	Evaluation of Dynamic soil properties	Kramer: Section 7.1 to 7.2	Kramer: Section 7.3
27	Monday, October 26, 2009	Evaluation of DSP Receive Take Home Exam			Summary of correlations of shear-wave velocity with in-situ tests (courtesy of Dr. DeJong, UC Davis)
	Wednesday, October 28, 2009	EXAM I			• Site response handout
	Friday, October 30, 2009	NO CLASS
28	Monday, November 02, 2009	Finish Evaluation of DSP Site Response			Additional notes on site response Additional Reference: Non-linear models used for site response
29	Wednesday, November 04, 2009	Site Response	•. Kramer 8.3, 8.4 •. Leyendecker et al. (2000) on MCE Ground Motion maps •. Dobry et al. (2000) on site amplification factors in the building code	• 2000 IBC Building Code (partial) • Frankel et al (2000) on national probabilistic maps		UGSG Hazard Mapping site
30	Friday, November 06, 200	Finish Site Response Brief comments about Ground Motions in Codes (Paper to read)

TOPIC 5: SOIL LIQUEFACTION
31	Monday, November 09, 2009 DOUBLE LECTURE DAY	• Definitions • Identification of liquefaction • Consequences • Necessary conditions for liquefaction: state criteria	Kramer 9.1 to 9.4	Seed et al. (2003): State of the Practice in liquefaction assessment (includes probabilistic methods)
32	Monday November 9, 2009 DOUBLE LECTURE DAY	●• Mechanism of liquefaction: cyclic mobility vs. flow liquefaction
Veterans Day	Wednesday, November 11, 2009
33	Friday, November 13, 2009	• Evaluation of liquefaction initiation in a level ground case - Susceptible soil types Liquefaction Triggering Analysis		Liquefaction criteria for silty soils, Bray and Sancio (2006)
34	Monday, November 16, 2009 (1:10 pm)	Seed and Idriss procedure for liquefaction triggering analysis: SPT based NCEER methodology			Matlab files for parametric study
35	Monday, November 16, 2009 (DOUBLE LECTURE DAY)	NCEER liquefaction triggering analysis: alternative methodologies	Youd and Idriss 2001 NCEER methodology: State of the Practice paper.
36	Wednesday, November 18, 2009 (2:10 PM)	• • Probabilistic assessment of liquefaction triggering • Other procedures• ● Site response: Review		Cetin et al. (2003) Kramer and Mayfield (2007) on inclusion of probabilistic assessment into PSHA
Travel	Friday, November 20, 2009
T.G.	Monday, November 23, 2009
T.G.	Wednesday, November 25, 2009
T.G.	Friday, November 27, 2009
37	Monday, November 30, 2009	• Consequences of Liquefaction - Strength of liquefied soils Volumetric deformations - Lateral Spreading • Mitigation	Kramer 9.6 Kramer 10.6.2 (Lat. Spreading) Kramer Chapter 12 (Mitigation)	Moss et al. (2006) on CPT methodologies for liquefaction triggering assessment	Handout for computing volumetric deformations in soils
38	Wednesday, December 02, 2009	Finish Liquefaction
SEISMIC SLOPE STABILITY
39	Friday, December 04, 2009	•General Concepts: classification of seismic slope failures • Pseudostatic approach • Introduction to Newmark's method	Kramer: 10.1 to 10.5
40	Monday, December 07, 2009	• Makdisi and Seed Approach ● Bray and Travassarou approach	State of the art paper including the method of Bray and Travassarou
EXTRA TOPICS
41	Wednesday, December 09, 2009	• Seismic design of Retaining Walls	Kramer: 11.1-11.7 (you can skip 11.6.1.2)
42	Friday, December 11, 2009	• Retaining walls: displacement approach ● Basic concepts of SSI	Pecker and Pender (2001)

Semester has 15 weeks*3 = 45 lecturedays – 2 holidays = 43 lectures. The missing lecture is the one in-class exam.

*For references see the annotated reading list below

Annotated Reading List

(Papers listed below are either valuable reference. You may want to collect them to complement your class notes).

Required reading will be typed in blue.

Electronic version of papers will generally be kept in the web site for one week after they are assigned. If you require a copy of the paper before the assigned time, stop by my office.

NOTE: This reading list will change throughout the semester.

General Papers

Bray, J. D. (1995). “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” Chap. 24 in The Civil Engineering Handbook, Chen, W. F., ed., CRC Press, Inc. (pdf)

Comment: A short overview of the discipline of earthquake engineering

Idriss, I. M. (1985). "Evaluating seismic risk in engineering practice," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, CA, Vol. 1, pp. 255-320.

Comment: A good overview of seismicity and geotechnical earthquake engineering. State of The Art paper.

Fault Characterization

Hanks T.C. and Bakun, W.H. (2008). “M-logA Observations for Recent Large Earthquakes” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Feb 2008; 98: 490 - 494.

Comment: An update to Wells and Coppersmith (1994). The WGCEP (see reference below) chose to use this model (in conjunction to other model published in WGCEP 2003, for the 2007 version of the WGCEP.

Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J. (1994). “New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement (incomplete).” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84(4): 974-1002.

Comment: A source of good correlations between fault geometry and earthquake magnitude (pdf of first few pages of paper)

Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (2007). “The Uniform California Eartqhuake Rupture forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2). USGS Open File Report 2007-1437.

Comment: Description of fault characterization for California, including tables of fault parameters. See also http:// http://www.wgcep.org/.

Schwartz, D. P. and Coppersmith, K. J. (1984). “Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes: examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas faults,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 5681-5698.

Source of the Characteristic Earthquake model (Recurrence model)

Field, E.H., and Gupta V. (2007). “Conditional, time dependent probabilities for segmented Type-A faults in the WGCEP UCERF 2,” USGS OF 2007-1437-N.

Comment: Review of time-dependent earthquake probability models used in the WGCEP

Mathews M.V., Ellsworth, W.L, and Reasenberg, P.A. (2002). “A Browninan Model for recurrent earthquakes,” BSSA 92, 2233-2250.

Reasenberg, P.A., Hanks T.C., and Bakun, W.H. (2003). “An empirical model for earthquake probabilities in San Francisco Bay Region, CA, 2002-2031, BSSA 93, 1-13.

Surface Fault Rupture

Bray, J. D., Seed, R. B., Cluff, L. S., and Seed, H. B. (1994). "Earthquake fault rupture propagation through soil," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 120(3), 543-561.

Comment: Good qualitative description of fault rupture.

Bray, J. D., Seed, R. B., and Seed, H. B. (1994), "Analysis of earthquake fault rupture propagation through cohesive soil," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 120(3), 562-580.

Analytical companion of Bray et al (1994) given in the list above

Ground Motion Characterization

Rathje, E. M., Abrahamson, N. A., and Bray, J. D. (1998). "Simplified frequency content estimates of earthquake ground motions," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 124(1), 150-159.

Good paper to read as a review of frequency content ground motion parameters

PSHA

Cornell, C. A. (1968). "Engineering seismic risk analysis." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 5, 1583-1606.

Comment: A seminal paper. PSHA has evolved since.

Youngs, R. R., Coppersmith, K. J. (1985). “Implications of fault slip rates and earthquake recurrence models to probabilistic seismic hazard estimates,”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75 (4): 939-964. (pdf)

Stepp, J. C., Wong, I., et al. (2001). “Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for ground motions and fault displacement at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.” Earthquake Spectra 17(1): 113-149.

A very good example of a comprehensive PSHA. Read it after the PSHA topic is covered.(pdf)

Bommer, J. J. et al. (2005). “On the use of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in seismic-hazard analysis.” Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 95(2), 377-389.

Comment: This is part of a larger discussion that took places in opinion papers in Earthquake Spectra. The discussion centers on how to incorporate epistemic uncertainty in PSHA.

Baker J.W. and Cornell C.A. (2006). Correlation of Response Spectral Values for Multi-Component Ground Motions, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 96 (1), 215-227.

Attenuation Relationships

Abrahamson, N. A. and Shedlock, K. M. (1997). “Overview.” Seismological Research Letters 68(1): 9-23. (pdf)

Comment: An overview of the attenuation models published in a special edition of Seismological Research Letters. A good paper to read.

Attenuation Relationships (click here)

SITE AMPLIFICATION AND CODE DEVELOPMENT

Dobry, R., Borcherdt, R. D., Crouse, C. B., Idriss, I. M., Joyner, W. B., Martin, G. R., Power, M. S., Rinne, E. E., and Seed, R. B. (2000). "New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions.", Earthquake Spectra, 16(1), 41-67. (pdf)

Comment: Summarizes a lot of work building up to the current treatment of site classification for building codes

Borcherdt, R. D. (1994). "Estimates of Site-Dependent Response Spectra for Design (Methodology and Justification)." Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 10(4), pp. 617-653.

Comment: This study is the main basis of the 1997 UBC

Rodriguez-Marek, A., Bray, J. D., and Abrahamson, N. (2001) "An Empirical Geotechnical Seismic Site Response Procedure," Earthquake Spectra, 17(1), p. 68-88.

Introduces a different classification system to look at the effect of depth on site response

Frankel, A., Mueller, C. S., et al. (2000). “USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps.” Earthquake Spectra 16(1): 1-19.(pdf)

Leyendecker, E. V., Hunt, J. R., et al. (2000). “Development of maximum considered earthquake ground motion maps.” Earthquake Spectra 16(1): 21-40.(pdf)

Borcherdt, R. D. (2002). Empirical evidence for acceleration-dependent amplification factors, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92, 761–782.

Comment: Re-evaluation of code amplification factors.

Borcherdt, R. D. (2002). "Empirical Evidence for Site Coefficients in Building Code Provisions," Earthquake Spectra, 18(2), 189-217.

Comment: Re-evaluation of code amplification factors.

Stewart, J. P., Liu, A. H., Choi, Y. (2003). "Amplification Factors for Spectral Acceleration in Tectonically Active Regions," 93(1), 332-352.

Comment: Good reevaluation of amplification factors using a large database of ground motions with various site classification procedures.

Baturay, M. B.; Stewart, J. P. (2003). " Uncertainty and Bias in Ground-Motion Estimates from Ground Response Analyses," 93(5), 2025 – 2042.

Comment: Evaluation of the reduction of uncertainty using site amplification factors.

LIQUEFACTION

CLASSICAL PAPERS

Seed, H. B. (1979). Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT2, pp. 201-255.

Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M. (1982). Ground Motions and Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, California, 134 pp.

LIQUEFACTION: TRIGGERING ANALYSIS AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH

Moss et al (2006)

Cetin, K. O., Seed, R. B., Der Kiuregian, A., Tokimatsu, K., Harder Jr., L. F., Kayen, R. E., Moss, Robert E. S. (2004). "SPT-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 130(12), 1314-1340

Comment: Good method for probabilistic assessment of liquefaction (PDF)

Youd, T. L. and Idriss, I. M. (2001). "Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 4, pp. 297-313.

Comment: State of the Practice Report. Reccomended (2003) for performing liquefaction assessment of soils using the SPT.

Bray and Sancio on fines effect

INCORPORATION OF LIQUEFACTION TRIGGERING ANALYSIS INTO PSHA

Kramer paper (2007).

ESTIMATION OF LATERAL SPREADS and VOLUMETRIC DEFORMATION

Bardet, J. P., Tobita, T., Mace, N., and Hu, J. (2002). "Regional modeling of liquefaction-induced ground deformation," Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.19-46.

Comment: Includes also a probabilistic assessment of ground displacement. Good review of work by Barlett and Youd (1992).

Bartlett, S. F. and Youd, T. L. (1992). " Revised Multilinear Regression Equations for Prediction of Lateral Spread Displacement," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 107-1017.(PDF)

Comment: Estimation of lateral deformation due to lateral spreading

Ishihara, K. and Yoshimine, M. (1992). "Evaluation of settlements in sand deposits following liquefaction during earthquakes," Soils and Foundations, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 173-188.

Comment: Estimation of volumetric settlement.

Tokimatsu, K. and Seed, H. B. (1987). " Evaluation of settlements in sand due to earthquake shaking," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 8, pp. 861-878.

Comment: Estimation of volumetric settlement.

OTHER READING MATERIAL

Marcuson, W. F. and Hynes, M. E. (1990). Stability of slopes and embankments during earthquakes, Proceedings, ASCE/Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Geotechnical Seminar, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

Pore pressure generation model given in class

SEISMIC SLOPE STABILITY

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF DAMS AND EMBANKMENTS

Newmark, N. M. (1965). "Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments, the 5^th Rankine Lecture," Geotechnique, 15, 139-160.

Seed, H. B. (1979) "Considerations in the earthquake-resistant design of earth and rockfill dams, The 19^th Rankine Lecture," Geotechnique 29(4), 215-263.

Seed, H. B., and Martin, G. R. (1966). "The seismic coefficient in earth dam design," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and foundation Division, V. 92 (SM3), p. 25-58.

Makdisi, F. I., and Seed, H. B. (1978). "Simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake-induced deformation," Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, V. 106(GT7), p. 849-867.

Mejia, L. H., and Seed, H. B. (1983). "Comparison of 2-D and 3-D dynamic analyses of earth dams." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. V. 109(11) p. 1383-1398.

Marcuson, W. F. III, Hynes, M. E., and Franklin, A. G. (1992). :Seismic stability and permanent deformation analyses: the last 25 years," Proceedings ASCE Specialty Conference on Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments, Vol. 2, Berkeley, CA, p. 552-592.

Bray and Travassarou (2007)

Bray (2007)

DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF COMPLIANT SLOPES

Rathje, E. M., and Bray, J. D. (2000). "Nonlinear coupled seismic sliding analysis of earth structures." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, V. 126(11), p. 1002-1014.

Kramer, S. L., and Smith, M. W. (1997). "Modified Newmark model for seismic slope displacements of compliant slopes," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, V. 123(7), p. 635-644.

SEISMIC DESIGN OF LANDFILLS

Bray, J. D., Rathje, E. M., Augello, A. J., and Merry, S. M. (1998). "Simplified seismic design procedure for geosyntehtic-lined, solid-waste landfills." Geosynthetics International, V. 5(1-2), p. 203-235.

Kavazanjian, E., Matasovic, N. Stokoe, K. H., and Bray, J. D. (1996). "In Situ shear wave velocity of solid waste from surface wave measurements," Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Environmental Geotechnicas, Balkema, V. 1, Oska, Japan, p. 97-102.

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STEEP SLOPES

Ashford, S. A., Sitar, N., Lysmer, J., and Deng-Nan (1997). "Topographic effects on the seismic response of steep slopes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, V. 87(3), p. 701-709.

Ashford, S. A., and Sitar, N., (2002). "Simplified method for evaluating seismic stability of steep slopes," J. o Geotech. And Geoenv. Eng., 128(2), 119-128.

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

Pecker, A. and Pender, M. J. (2000). "Earthquake Resistant Design of Foundations: New Construction" in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Microzonation Seminar, Istanbul.

Good Review paper

Additional paperS (additional reading or papers referenced to in class

paleoseismology

Weaver, K. D. and Dolan, J. F. (2000). "Paleoseismology and Geomorphology of the Raymond Fault, Los Angeles County, California," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(6) 1409-1429.

Nice paper describing the use of trenching to evaluate previous seismicity. I would advice to read it NOT to learn how to do trenching, but as an illustration on how we obtain important fault parameters from trenching studies.

Fault rupture

Lazarte, C. A., Bray, J. D., Johnson, A. M., and Lemmer, R. E. (1994). “Surface breakage of the 1992 Landers Earthquake and its effects on structures,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(3), 547-561. (pdf)

Interesting reconnaissance study of surface rupture in the Landers earthquake

Sherard, J. L.; Cluff, L. S.; Allen, C. R. (1974). "Potentially active faults in dam foundations," Geotèchnique, v 24, n 3, 1974, v 24, p 367-428

Site amplification and code development

Chang, S. W., Bray, J. D., and Seed, R. B. (1996). "Engineering Implications of Ground Motions from the Northridge Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 86(1), Part B Suppl., pp. 270-288.

Comment: This paper illustrates some of the development of the approach of the use of normalized spectra and PGAsoil/PGArock

Dynamic soil properties

Elgamal, A.-W., Zeghal, M., et al. (1995). “Lotung Downhole Array. I: Evaluation of site Dynamic Properties.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 121(4): 350-362.

Comment: Very interesting way to obtain nonlinear soil properties from actual earthquake records in downhole arrays. Probably the best way to verify laboratory tests

Hardin, B. O. (1978). "The nature of stress-strain behavior of soils", Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, ASCE, 1, 3-90.

Imai, T. and Tonouchi, K. (1982). "Correlation of N-value with S-wave velocity and shear modulus," Proceedings, 2^nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Amsterdam, 57-72.

Iwasaki, T., Tatsuoka, F., and Takagi, Y. (1978). “Shear moduli of sands under cyclic torsional shear loading,” Soils and Foundations, 18(1), 39-56.

Jamilokowski, M., Leroueil, S., and LoPresti, D. C. F. (1991). "Theme Lecture: Design parameters from theory to practice", Proceedings, Geo-coast'91, Yokohama, Japan, 1-41.

Kokusho, T., Yoshida, Y., and Esashi, Y. (1982). "Dynamic properties of soft clay for wide strain range," Soils and Foundationsi, 2(4), 1-18.

Konno, T., Suzuki, Y., Teteishi, A., Ishihara, K., Akino, K., Iizuka, S. (1993). "Gravelly soil properties by field and laboratory tests." Third international conference on Case histories of geotechnical engineering. 3; Pages 575-594. 1993. .

Lanzo, G. and Vucetic, M. (1999). “Effect of Soil Plasticity on Damping Ratio at Small Cyclic Strains.” Soils and Foundation, Japanese Geotechnical Society 39(4): 131-141.

Lefebvre, G. and LeBoeuf, D. (1986). “Rate Effects and Cyclic Loading of Sensitive Clays.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 113(5): 476-489.

Lee, K. L., and Focht, J. A. (1976). "Strength of clay subjected to cyclic loading," Marine Geotechnology, 1(3).

Mayne, P. W., and Rix, G. J. (1993). "Gmax – qc relationships for clays", ASTM Geotechncial Testing Journal, 16(1), 54-60.

Mayne, P. W., and Rix, G. J. (1995). "Correlations between shear wave velocity and cone tip resistance in natural clays," Soils and Foundations, 35(2), 107-110.

Rix, G. J, and Stokoe, K. H. (1991). "Correlation of initial tangent modulus and cone penetration resistance," Calibration Chamber Testing, International Symposium on Calibration Chamber testing, Huang, ed., Elsevier Publishing, NY, pp. 351-362

Seed, H. B. and Chan, C. K. (1966). “Clay Strength under Earthquake Loading Conditions.” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 92(SM2): 53-78.

Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M. (1970). "Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analyses", Univ. of California, Berkeley, EERC report No. EERC 70-10 (reproduced in H. B. Seed, Vol. 1, Selected papers 1956-1987, BiTech Publishers, Vancouver, B. C., 1990).

Seed, H. B., Wong, R. T., Idriss, I. M., and Tokimatsu, K. (1984). "Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils," Journal of Geotechcnial Engineering, ASCE, vol. 112 NO. 11, pp. 1016-1032.

Comment: This is the reference where G/Gmax curves for sands are given.

Sun, J. I., Golesorkhi, R., and Seed, H. B. (1988). "Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios for Cohesive Soils," Report No. UCB/EERC-88/15, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California.

Sun, J. I., Golesorkhi, R., and Seed, H. B. (1988). "Dynamic moduli and damping rations for cohesive soils." ReportNo. UCB/EERC-88/15, Department ofCivil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley.

Sykora, D. W. and Stokoe, D. H., II (1983) "Correlations of In situe measurement in sand with shear wave velocity", Geotechnical Engieering Report,GR83-33, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.

Thiers, G. R., and Seed, H. B. (1978). "Strength and stress strain characteristics of clays subjected to seismic loading conditions," in Vibration Effects on Soils and Foundations, Special Technical Publication 450, ASTM, Philadelphia, 3-56.

Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991). “Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 117(1): 89-107.

Vucetic, M. (1994). "Cyclic threshold shear strains in soils," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120 (12), 2208-2228.

Yasuda, N. and Matsumoto, N. (1993) "Dynamic deformation characteristics of sands and rockfill materials," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 30(5), 747-757.

Zeghal, M., Elgamal, A.-W., et al. (1995). “Lotung Downhole Array. II: Evaluation of Soil Nonlinear Properties.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 121(4): 363-378.

Comment: companion paper of Elgamal and Zeghal (see above)

Liquefaction

LIQUEFACTION: TRIGGERING ANALYSIS AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH

Dobry, R., Ladd, R. S., Yokel, F. Y., Chung, R. M., and Powell, D. (1982). "Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method," NBS Building Science Series 138, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 150 pp.

Liao, S. S. C., Veneziano, D., and Whitman, R. V. (1988). "Regression models for evaluating liquefaction probability," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 4, pp. 389-411.

Poulos, S. J., Castro, G., and France, J. W. (1985). "Liquefaction evaluation procedure," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 111, No. 6, pp. 772-792.

Comment: Proposes a laboratory based methodology for evaluating residual strength. With a few exceptions, the methodology is difficult to apply due to the high dependence of results on sampling methods.

Robertson, P. K. and Wride, C. E. (1998). "Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Ottawa, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp.442-459.

Comment: There are new CPT methodologies that will be published in 2004 (work by Idriss and Boulanger at UC Davies, work by Moss and Seed at UC Berkeley) that will supersede the Robertson and Wride work.

Seed, H. B. and De Alba, P. (1986). "Use of SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of soils," Proceedings, Insitu '86, ASCE.

Seed, R. B. and Harder, L. F. (1990). "STP-based analysis of cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained residual strength," in J. M. Duncan ed., Proceedings, H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium, University of California, Berkeley, Vol. 2, pp. 351-376.

Comment: Empirical evaluation of undrained residual strength of sands.

Stark, T. D. and Mesri, G. (1992). "Undrained shear strength of sands for stability analysis," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 11, pp. 1727-1747.

Comment: Empirical evaluation of undrained residual strength of sands.

Youd, T. L. and Noble, S. K. (1997). "Liquefaction criteria based on statistical and probabilistic analyses," Proceedings, NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York, Buffalo, pp. 201-215.

Lateral spread

ESTIMATION OF LATERAL SPREADS and VOLUMETRIC DEFORMATION

Youd, T. L., Hansen, C. M., and Bartlett, S. F. (1999). Revised MLR equations for predicting lateral spread displacement, Technical Report MCEER-99-0019, Proceedings. 7^th U.S.-Japan Workshop On Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Liquefaction, Seattle, Washington, Multidisciplinary Center of Earthquake Engineering Research, pp. 99-114.

Comment: Update to Barlett and Youd (1992).

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